International Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship

The Ebola virus (EBOV) is a highly lethal pathogen responsible for Ebola virus disease (EVD), posing significant threats to global public health. This review examines the entry mechanisms, immune evasion strategies, and therapeutic advancements targeting EBOV. The virus infiltrates host cells via receptor-mediated binding, macrophage phagocytosis, and endosomal membrane fusion, processes that facilitate viral replication and subsequent disease progression. We analyze EBOV’s immune evasion tactics, particularly its suppression of innate and adaptive immune responses through viral proteins such as VP35 and soluble glycoprotein (sGP). Current therapeutic strategies are also discussed, including prophylactic vaccines (e.g., Ervebo^® and Zabdeno^®) that effectively prevent infection and monoclonal antibody therapies (e.g., ZMapp, Ebanga^®, and INMAZEB^®) undergoing clinical optimization. Despite progress in EBOV treatment, persistent challenges such as global inequities in vaccine distribution and development hinder effective disease control. Future research should prioritize elucidating host–pathogen interactions to refine therapeutic targets, developing broad-spectrum vaccines to address viral diversity, and enhancing international collaboration to ensure equitable access to treatments in resource-limited, outbreak-prone regions. Full article

This paper investigates the factors influencing blockchain adoption and its impact on firm performance using a panel dataset of NASDAQ-listed companies. Drawing on the Resource-Based View and Transaction Cost Theory, we employ an Endogenous Treatment Effects model to address self-selection bias. The results reveal that organisational capabilities, such as firm size and sales growth, enable blockchain adoption, while intangible intensity and capital expenditure intensity act as barriers. Industry-wide adoption shows limited influence, suggesting underdeveloped network effects. Blockchain adoption significantly improves operational performance, as measured by Return on Assets (ROA), but has no significant effect on Tobin’s Q, a market-based performance measure. This result highlights investor scepticism and delayed value realisation. The study argues for strategic communication to bridge this perception gap and calls for policy initiatives to address adoption barriers and promote blockchain’s widespread implementation. Full article